The study of criminology undertaken by
Michael Quinn Kaiser upon his enrollment at Sacramento State in Sacramento, California had evolved from 18th century schools of thought developed by social philosophers. The Classical approach to understanding criminal behavior arises from a set of basic beliefs about human nature. First, that individuals have free will in choosing their behavior.
Second, that deterring crime arises from beliefs that humans are hedonistic, seeking pleasure and avoiding pain. Humans also rationally calculate the costs and benefits of their actions to predict the consequences. Third, that punishment of equivalent severity deters humans from committing crimes as long as the penalty outweighs the benefit, and fourth, that the swiftness and certainty of punishment determines its effectiveness as a deterrent. The Classical approach to criminal behavior arose as prisons emerged as organs of social punishment, and when legal systems were emerging in the United States.
The Positivist school of thought regarding criminality posits that criminal behavior occurs outside an individual’s control, driven by both internal and external factors. Michael Quinn Kaiser would have studied positivism as a scientific approach to the study of human behavior which has biological, psychological and social positivist aspects.
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